Opening test — Faculty of History and International Relations

PROGRAMME OF INTRODUCTION TESTS FOR ABITURIENTS IN THE FACILITATION OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

Programme on the history of Abkhazia

I. Ancient period

The pre-natal community: the natural and climatic conditions in the territory of the present Abkhazia in the age of human settlement, the primary herd, the era of the lower paleolith, the memorials of the Achelian and mustierian cultures, the occupation and the tools of labour.

The birth community. The birth of a child. The memorials of the upper paleolith, mesolite and neolite in Abkhazia. Changes in people's economic activities. Public relations. Hunting and gathering, farming and livestock farming. The birth of primitive art. Formation of a modern human type is a Cromanyon. Neolith is the time of the flowering of the farm.

The degradation of the descent community, the transition from matriarchate to Patriarchate, the eneolytic era, the bronze culture, the four stages of non-ferrous metallurgy, the Dolmens and the Cromlech, the material and spiritual culture of the bronze age.

Origin of the Abkhaz people. Peoples and languages of the Abhazo-Adig Group. A branch of the Western Caucasus language group. Dissolution of the Abkhaz-Adigian mother tongue. The theory of an ethnogenetic relationship of abhazo-adigs with the near-Asian Hutts. These are "cushka" and "abesla" in ancient written sources. Toponymic data. The autochthonousness of the Abkhaz people in their historical homeland is Abkhazia.

The beginning of the iron age in Abkhazia, the flourishing of the bronze industry, the Kolhid archaeological culture, the three basic conditions for the birth of the iron and steel industry, the further development and separation of the crafts, the Skiffs and ancient Abkhazs, and the Skif stuff in Abkhazia.

Greek colonization and Anti-Abhazia: The ethnic composition of Abkhazia in the early days: Coracs, Kolhi, Kola. Geniohi are the ancient ancestors of the Abkhaz, the beginning of Greek colonization, Greek-local settlements, Diocuriada, Esher City, Gienos, the commercial, economic and cultural links of the Greek colonies of Abkhazia.

The late (Rimsco-Visantian) era in Abkhazia. The main trade, economic and cultural centres in late Abkhazia. Sebastopolis. Pitiunt. The ethnic and political entities of Abkhazia in a late era. Appsils. The main fortress of Apsil is Tzibila. Abasgi. The material culture of the Abasgs. Abasgi and Byzantium. Sanigi are the ancestors of the Abkhaz. Misimianes.

Culture in ancient Abkhazia: The identity of the existence and traditions of the Abhaz ancestors, the pagan beliefs and the lasting rites, the importance of the cultural influence of ancient Greeks, Romans and Byzantine, the place of Greek in the cultural life of the country, the memorials of writing and art, early Christianity, the Pithioon Christian organization.

II. Middle Ages

Socio-economic relations in early Middle Ages Abkhazia (VI-VIIv). The birth and development of early philanthropy. Cities, fortresses and large settlements. Agriculture and its basic cultures. Slaughterhousekeeping. The craft industry and its host have grown. Trade routes and economic relations with the outside world. Abkhaz's struggle against foreign conquerors in VI. Iran-Wysantian rivalry. The tracheal battle, the events in Apsil, the Misimian war. The end of the Iranian-Visant war and its aftermath.

Abhazia at the 7th century, Leon I, "Diwan of Abkhaz kings", mission of Lv Isavra in the Caucasus708-711Anokopian Fortress of the Arab congregation of Merwan Muhammad Ibn Isam Deaf in the Caucasus, Anakopian battle and its aftermath, the invasion of Apsil by Arabs, St. Eustafi, the association of Abkhazia, the consolidation of the Abkhaz rannephedic peoples.

The Abkhaz Kingdom (VIII-Xv) is the pre-conditions and time for the formation of the Abkhaz Kingdom. Leon II is the first king of Abkhazia. Political boundaries and ethnic composition of the Abkhaz Kingdom. Abhaz Kingdom and Hazaria. Abkhazia in the ninth century. Eastern policy of Abkhaz kings. The flourishing of the Abkhaz Kingdom in the tenth century. Relationship with Byzantium, Armenia, Alania.

Cultures in early Middle Ages Abkhazia (VI-X V.V.) Acceptance of Christianity as an official State religion. Abkhazian Auto-Cafe Church. Main monuments of culture, architecture and the environment. Byzantine-Abkhaz cultural ties. Place of Greek language in the cultural life of the country. Cultural ties with the peoples of the South and North Caucasus, the Middle East, Russia. Oral folk creativity of the feudal era.

Abkhazia in the XI-XIII V.C. Kingdom of the Abkhaz Bagratidgs. Bagrat III and his mother Guranducht. The meaning of the terms "Abhaziya" and "Abkhazi." The Tskhinvali voivodeship and Chachba-Shervashidze. Bagrat IV. The Anacopian knot. The role of the Abkhaz in the kingdom of the Bagraztids. The life and culture of the Abkhaz.

Abkhazia, XIII - XV V. Mongols invasion and the dissolution of the kingdom of the Abkhaz Bagratids, relations between the Abkhaz Princeship and Megrelia (Sabediano), Genoa colonies on the territory of Abkhazia.

The role of the city of Sebastopolis, trade and money, the slave trade, the culture of materiality.

The origin and the abazine, their ethnic and historical characteristics, the time and alleged reasons for the relocation to the North Caucasus, Tapanta and Ashharua.

Socio-economic relations in Abkhazia in XVI-XVIII: State structure of the domain (main regions and domains of Abkhazia); basic social classes of the feudal tops, social categories of peasants; agriculture and crafts; the slave trade.

The internal and external political situation of the Abkhaz Princeship in XVI-XVIII. Relationship with Megrely in XVI-XVII V. 30-year war with Megrelya. The Abkhaz struggle for political autonomy. Independence. Political and ethnic boundaries of the Abkhaz Princeship. The home of the Chachba-Shervashidze dynasty. The mystery of the Kelasura Wall. Bordering on Ingura.

The Abkhaz Princeship and Turkey (XVI-XVIII), the Turks in Abkhazia, the establishment of links, the spread of Islam, Sukhumi-Kale, Abkhazia and the Turks in the eighteenth century, the state of the economy and culture, the slave trade and maritime piracy.

Culture of late Middle Ages Abkhazia: Ethnic identity of late Middle Ages Abkhaz, Christianity and Islam, the experiences of paganism, art and architecture, Folklore, labour and ritual songs, music Folklore and instruments, and stories rising up to the feudal era.

The accession of the Abkhaz Princeship to Russia, the international political situation on the threshold of XVIII-XIXv. the political and ethnic border of Abkhazia to the 19th century, the struggle of the great Powers for domination of the Caucasus, the internal and foreign policy of Keleshbei Chachba (Shervashidze), his dream of independence, the taking of Sukhumi by the Russian desantom, the Russian-Turkey war 1806-1812Two views on the role of Aslanbei in Safarbei (Georgia) Act of 17 February 1810.

People's economy and social relations in the first half of the 19th century. Farming, livestock farming, home production. The characteristics of social relations in Abkhazia. Trade and urban life. Seamails. The birth of market relations. Political situation of Abkhazia following accession to Russia. Relax the power of George and Dmitri Chachba. 1821 and 1824gg uprisings. under the leadership of Aslanbei. Abkhazia's administrative and territorial structure. Abkhazian expedition.

The Russian military's punitive expeditions against the Montagnards, the colonial policy of royalism, the Russian-Caucasian war and Abkhazia, the first waves of mahajirism.

Abkhazia in the years of the Crimean War, the great-Power rivalry for the Caucasus, Desant Omer Pasha, the Ingur battle, the master prince Michael (Chacba - Shervashidze) and his position during the war, the end of the war and its consequences for Abkhazia, the Paris tract, the new wave of Mahajirism.

The end of the Russian-Caucasian war and the abolition of the Abkhaz princeship. Abkhazia after the Crimean War. An attempt to unite the Northwest Caucasus mountain people in the final phase of the Russian-Caucasian war. The Abkhaz-Adig delegation in London. The end of the Caucasus War. Exorcise the Sads and the Descendants. Abolition of the Abkhaz Princeship. The identity of Michael Chachba-Shervashidze and his politics in the last years of the Russian-Caucasian war. Introduction of Russian administration.

The 1866 uprising, the bases, causes and cause of the Lehnen uprising, and the beginning of the speech, the course of the rebellion, its repression, Prince George Shervashidze-Chacba, the attempt to restore Abkhaz statehood, the repression of the rebels, the mass mahajirism.

III. New time.

The implementation of the peasant reform, the activities of the Sukhumi Commission on Land and Land, "The situation" of 1 November 1870, the characteristics of the peasant reform in Abkhazia, its consequences and significance.

The 1877 uprising and the events of the Russian-Turkey war 1877-1871 Gg. In Abkhazia. The causes and course of the new rebellion in Abkhazia, its driving forces. The beginning of the Russian-Turkey war. The landing of a Turkish parachute. Military operations on the territory of Abkhazia. Repression against the rebels. The "guilty population" has been declared by the Abkhaz people. A new wave of mahajirism. The plight of the displaced in a foreign country. The policy of Russia and Turkey vis-à-vis the resettlement movement of the Caucasus and those returning to their homeland.

The socio-economic situation of the reformed Abkhazia. The birth and development of capitalist (market) elements in agriculture. Gardens, commerce and industry. Messages and transport. The specialities of the development of capitalist relations in Abkhazia Ethnic revolution. Colonization of the province and its forms (rental, industrial, resort, etc.).

Abkhazia in the years of the first Russian revolution, the working and social democratic movement at the beginning of the twentieth century, the revolutionary movement in Abkhazia 1905-1906 Efforts to establish popular and revolutionary power (Gagra, Gudauta, Samyrzakan) 1905-1907The withdrawal of "guilty" from the Abkhaz population.

The culture of Abkhazia is the beginning of the twentieth century, the new cultural development of Abkhazia after joining Russia, rural life, urban life, the formation of national intellectuals, the performance of Abkhaz culture, science and education, and the creation of Abkhaz writing and artistic literature.

Abhazia between the two revolutions1907-1917Re-orientation of the policy of czarism (from knot to prune), the revival of Abkhazians, the awakening of national consciousness, the formation of national intellectuals, Abkhazia in the years of World War I 1914-1917"Abkhaz 100".

Abkhazia in 1917-1921 Gg. The revolution of February and the overthrow of self-power in Russia Establishment of the organs of the Interim Government in Abkhazia. Abkhaz Mountain Alliance: Participation in the JAG and the South-East Union. The formation of the Abkhaz People's Council is a de facto authority in Abkhazia. The struggle for political autonomy and State independence of the Abkhaz people. The situation in Abkhazia following the October Revolution. Soviet authority in Abkhazia in the spring of 1918 Batum conference. The recognition of the Gore Republic is the restoration of Abkhaz statehood (11 May 1918). Treaty of 11 June 1918 The occupation of Abkhazia by Georgian forces. Abkhaz Air Force. The first ANS race (August 1918). The Battle of the ANC (October 1918). It's a second race. "Democratic elections" in the ANC. Act on the Autonomy of Abkhazia. Constitution of Abkhazia 1919-1921The situation in Abkhazia by 1921.

IV. Soviet time

Re-establishment of Soviet authority in Abkhazia. The creation of Revcom Abkhazia in mid-February 1921. Role of the Kiyaraz and part IX of the Red Army. Establishment of Soviet authority in Gagra, Gudauta, New Afon. The liberation of Sukhumi from the Georgian Lessviks (4 March 1921). Establishment of Soviet authority in Ochamchira and Gale. Revcom Abkhazia's address to the head of Soviet Russia, Lenin, on March 10, 1921. The characteristics of the establishment of a new authority in Abkhazia.

Restoration of the statehood of Abkhazia1921-1930(c) The Committee notes that the State party's observations on the admissibility and merits of the communication are consistent with the Committee's jurisprudence. The first activities of the Soviet authorities in Abkhazia. Batum Meeting and its decision. Declaration of Abkhazia by the Soviet Socialist Republic. Revcom Declaration of Georgia on the Independence of the SSR Abkhazia. Federal Treaty between Soviet Georgia and Soviet Abkhazia (16 December 1921). I Congress of the Councils of Abkhazia (February 1922) The formation of the USSR and the place of Abkhazia there. Constitution of Abkhazia 1925 and 1927gg. Public authorities. Symbols: Herb and Flag of SSR Abkhazia. Implementation of the Constitutional Acts, Laws and Codes of Abkhazia Relations between Abkhazia and Georgia.

Rehabilitation of the people's economy of Abkhazia1921-1931 Agricultural reform: collectiveization and its characteristics in Abkhazia, traditional and new agricultural crops, popular education, first steps towards the establishment of the Abkhaz National School, the Cooperative Movement, the Sovkhoza and the Kolkhoza, the industrial development of the SSR Abkhazia.

Decreasing the state status of Abkhazia. Transforming the SSR of Abkhazia into an autonomous republic. Increased Georgian expansion and pressure on Abkhazia. Decision of the Bureau by Zakrejkom a/ UCP(b) on 19 January 1930. "Decisions" of the IV Congress of the Councils of Abkhazia in February 1931 and the VI of the All-Georgian Congress of Councils to transform the SSR of Abkhazia into an autonomous republic. Inclusion of Abkhazia into the Georgian SSR. "Duripsh Seine" 18-26 February 1931.

Abkhazia in the 1930s. Industry, resorts, education, science. The new Constitution of Abkhazia (2 August 1937). Political system of the 1930s The cult of identity of the Totalitarian-Bureaucratic regime. Stalin and its implications for Abkhazia. Political processes in the second half of 30th and mass repression. Continuation of the colonization of Abkhazia and the resettlement policy and their consequences.

Abkhazia during the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945). The outbreak of war. Battle action in the Caucasus. Abkhaz fighter battalions. Fights for the Passes of Abkhazia and the village of Pshu. Reconfiguration of the people's economy into a military order. The sons of Abkhazia on the WVR fronts and their exploits. The significance of the Patriotic War. The resettlement policy in the years of the VRS in Abkhazia. The activities of Abhaz Resettlingster Trust. The Georgianization of Abkhaz toponymy. Closure of Abkhaz schools.

Abkhazia in the post-war years1946-1960(b) 1947: Letters to Stalin in the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the People's Economy, 1953: Continuation of the colonization of Abkhazia, exposure to Stalin's identity, measures for the restoration of the disadvantaged rights of the Abkhaz people during the period of the Khrushchev thaw, cultural construction and the development of science.

Abkhazia in 1960-1980- years of economic and social development in Abkhazia.

The stages of the national liberation movement of the Abkhaz people, the Georgian-Abkhaz confrontation of 1989, the formation of the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus, the social and political life of Abkhazia 1989-1992The Declaration on State Sovereignty of Abkhazia (25 August 1990), the repeal of the 1978 Constitution of the Abkhazian ASSR and the 1925 Constitution of the SSR of Abkhazia, the second half of XIX, adopted the State symbols of Ra: Herba and Flaga (23 July 1992).

The culture of Abkhazia in Soviet time, Abkhaz literature, popular education, theatre, music culture, horeography, visual arts, scientific and academic abhazoology, popular education, the national war of the people of Abkhazia (in the early 1990s).1992-1993Social and political

The situation in Abkhazia on the eve of the war. Causes and outbreak of war. General mobilization in Abkhazia. People's militias. Volunteerism. The blockade of Tkvarchal. Russian factor in the Georgian-Abkhaz war. Outcome document of the Moscow meeting on 3 September 1992 Release of Gagra (2 October) and of the whole north-west Abkhazia (6 October 1992) Situation in the occupied part of Abkhazia. Eastern Front. Genocide of Abkhaz science and culture. Burning of the Abkhazian Institute and the State Archives (22 October 1992). Danish tragedy (14 December 1992). The West's position in the Georgian-Abkhaz War. The solemnization of "dual morality" and "dual standards".

Major offensives by the Abkhaz Army during the war. January and March offensive. July offensive. A landing party in Tamashia, "distracting manoeuvre" in Lower Escher. Release of towns and towns that dominate Sukhumi. Sochi Agreement (27 July 1993) Armistice in Abkhazia. The beginning of the September offensive (16 September 1993). Release of settlements on the Eastern Front. Release of Sukhumi (27 September 1993). Exile of the occupiers, arming of the Abkhaz flag at the border of P. Ingur (30 September 1993). The outcome of the war and their significance.

Abkhazia in the post-war years1993-2000The aftermath of the war. Socio-economic situation of Abkhazia. The blockade and political isolation. The political settlement process and the policies of the world Powers. Russian factor in this process. Statement of 4 April 1994 on measures to resolve the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict. Adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Abkhazia on 26 November 1994. And the anthem. Georgia's revenge mood. Peacekeeping forces. The referendum, under the Constitution of the Republic of Abkhazia (3 October 1999) "Act on the State Independence of the Republic of Abkhazia". Ardzinba V.G. - The first president of RA.

Abkhazia in 2000 - 2008 The domestic political situation began in the 2000s. Formation of social and political movements (DPA-Aitaira, Amtsazara, One Abkhazia). The first alternative presidential election in the history of Abkhazia (4 October 2004). Complications of the socio-political situation in October-November 2004 Agreement on Measures to Achieve National Accord in the Republic of Abkhazia, of 16 December 2004. New presidential elections on 12 January 2005. The Kodor crisis. Complication of the April-May 2008 situation The international community's reaction to Georgia's provocative actions. War 08.08.08. Operation of the Abkhazian Armed Forces to release the Kodori Valley and restore jurisdiction throughout the territory of the Republic 26 August 2008 – Russia's international legal recognition of Abkhazia's independence. Abkhazia is a recognized state.

Model ticket on the history of Abkhazia

1. The political boundaries and ethnic composition of the population of the Abkhaz Kingdom in VIII-X W.

2. The Russian-Turkey war 1877-1878In addition, the Government of the Republic of Turkey has made a number of efforts to improve the security situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

3. Post-war development of Abkhazia: difficulties of negotiating processes

Russian History Program

East Slavs in the second half of the first millennium, settlement and occupation of the Eastern Slavs, social organization, religious beliefs, neighbors of the Eastern Slavs.

The Ancient Russian State (IX-first half of CPs in.) Pre-eminences of the formation of the Ancient Russian State. The "Norman influence" on the formation of an ancient Russian State. The characteristics of the economic, social and political structure of the Ancient Russians. Princes of Ancient Russia, their politics. Rusty's Baptism. Old Russi's trading connections. Rusio and her neighbors: The nature of the relationship. Main achievements of ancient Russian culture.

Russian land in XII - mid-XVv. Background to political isolation. The largest political centres of the unit Rusi (Vladimiro-Suzdala Princeship, Novgorod Grande, Galicko-Voljny State): The Government of the Republic of Moldova has also taken steps to improve the quality of its services in the area of education (i.e. political structure, economic development and cultural development). Rucy's struggle against outside enemies in XIII. The Mongolian conquest. The expansion from the West. The problem of the relationship between Rusi and the Golden Order, the impact of the Mongolian invasion on the history of Russi. The consequences of feudal fragmentation. Foregrounds of the unification of Russian lands. Moscow as the center of association. Moscow princes and their policies. Formation of a unified Russian State in XIV-XVvv. The role of the church in the consolidation of Russian lands. The Kulikov battle and its significance. The Russian culture in XII is the middle of XV. The feudal war. The formation of the Grand Prince of Lithuania. The Russian lands are part of the Great Prince of Lithuania.

The Russian state in the second half of XV – the beginning of the XV v. Completion of the unification of Russian lands and formation of the Russian State. Development of central authorities. Culture in XV. Courtman 1497. Forms of land tenure. Population categories. It's starting to ensnare the peasants. Russia at Ivan IV Grozny. Reforms of the Chosen Rada. The build-up of ideological self-power. The policies are poignant, and their impact on the development of the country. The expansion of Russia's territory in the 16th century. The Lavon War. Russian culture in XVI. It's the end of the 16th. XVII p.m.: The causes, the essence, the consequences. Fight against the speech of Paspolitan and Sweden. The beginning of the Romanov dynasty.

Russian Federation Remediation of the effects of confusion. New developments in Russia's economy in the 17th century. Strengthening central authority. The social-political structure. 1649 cathedral. Legalization of serf law. Extension of the territory of the Russian State in XVII b The church's role in the life of the country. Church rift, old-fashioned. Social movements in the 17th century The Russians are in 17th century. Russian culture in XVII.

Russia in the first half of XVIII.

Reforms of Petra I (social-economic, state-administrative, military); objectives, content, consequences; Russia's "absoluteism"; Petrov's nest's "birds": Peter's compatriots.

Foreign policy in the first quarter of the 18th of the North War, the formation of the Russian Empire, changes in culture and life in the Petrov era, historic significance of petrovic transformations, Russia in the era of palace coups.

Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Catherine II's domestic policy. Illustrated absolutism. To the nobles and to the cities. Russia's economy is the second half of XVIII. The prosperity of serfdom. Social movements in the second half of XVIII. Russia in the wars of the second half of XVIIIb. Accession to new Territories. Paul's domestic and foreign policy. Culture of the peoples of Russia and its links with European and world culture XVIIIb.

Russia to 1801-1860Internal and foreign policy of Alexander I. The Russian-Turkeyn War 1806-1812 The Russian Federation's accession to the Russian Federation and the Russian Federation's national war of 1812. 1813-1814The internal policy of Nikolai I. Socio-economic development of pre-reformed Russia. The beginning of an industrial coup. 1830-1850The people of Russia in the first half of the nineteenth century, the Caucasus and Abkhazia, the national policy in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, the Crimean War, and the development of culture in the first half of the nineteenth century.

Russia to 1860-1890Internal policy of Alexander II. Reforms 1860-1870III. Social and economic development during the period of reform, the conclusion of the industrial coup, the emergence of trade and industrial monopolies, the currents, political parties and social movements 1860-1890:: Conservatives, liberals, the evolution of popularism, the beginning of the working movement, the Russian social democracy, the main directions and developments of Russia's foreign policy in the Russian Federation. 1860-1890In the second half of the 19th century, Russia's political policy in Abkhazia and in the northern Caucasus after the Caucasus war, the culture and existence of the peoples of Russia in the second half of the XIXth century, the contribution of Russian culture to world culture.

Russia to 1900-1916Russia at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century: self-government and society, birthline, economic and political development, problems of modernization, reforms of S.Y. Vitte, the Russian-Japan war, the currents, political parties and social movements in Russia at the turn of the century. 1905-1907The Doum monarchy; reforms of P.A., Stolipin. Culture at the beginning of 20th Russia in World War I. The impact of war on Russian society.

Russia to 1917-1920February 1917 from February to October. 1917-1920Formation of a single-party system: Civil war: participants, stages, main fronts. Intervenation. "War Communism." Outcomes and consequences of the Civil War.

Soviet Russia, USSR 1920-1930The crisis of the early 1920s, the transition to a new economic policy, the formation of the USSR, the choice of the means of integration, and the national policy in the Russian Federation. 1920-1930Political life 1920-1930Gg. Intra-party struggle. The cult of I.V.'s identity. Stalina. Mass repression. The phasing out of new economic policies. Accelerated upgrading: Industrialization, collectiveization. "Cultural Revolution" (adoption of a new ideology, elimination of illiteracy, development of education, science, artistic literature and art). Constitution of 1936 Foreign policy of the Soviet State 1920-1930The Soviet-Finnish War, the accession of the Baltic Republics, the Soviet-German negotiations.

The Great Patriotic War 1941-1945Gg. The main stages and battles of the Great Patriotic War. The heroism of the Soviet people during the war. Back in the years of war. Ideology and culture in years of war. Fascist "new order" in the occupied territories. Party movement. Anti-Hitler coalition. The conclusion of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War. Outcomes and lessons of war. Power and society in the years of war. Chiefs of the Great Patriotic War.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1945-1953In the first post-war decade, the Soviet Union: the reconstruction of the economy, the creation of nuclear-missile weapons, the ideological company "The Cold War" in the 1940s and its influence on domestic and foreign policy. 1953-1964 The Soviet Union in the mid-1950s and mid-1960s.

Political life in the country in the mid-1950s. The 20th KPCC Congress and its significance. Socio-economic reforms. A policy of peaceful coexistence. The Soviet Union in the mid-1960s and mid-1980s. The Constitution of 1977. The rise of crises in Soviet society. Foreign policy in the mid-1960s and mid-1980s, establishing strategic military parity between the USSR and the US, a policy of defusing international tension. The Soviet Union in the second half of the 1980s. The policy of restructuring and transparency. Attempts to reform the economy and the political system. Foreign policy: "a new political thinking." Developments in 1991 The breakup of the USSR. The formation of the CIS. Development of Soviet science and culture 1950-1980- Hmm.

Russia to 1992-2012The adoption of the 1993 Constitution on the transition to a market economy, the political, economic and cultural development of modern Russia, and the economic and military cooperation of Russia and Abkhazia 90-2000- years and recognition of independence, Russia in the system of international relations.

A model ticket on the history of Russia

1. The fight against external invasions by Russia in XIII.

2. The fall of serf law in Russia

3. Elimination of the last pockets of civil war, causes of the victory of Bolsheviks.

Indicative interview questions for international relations candidates

General issues:

- The motivation of the choice of profession; (questions may be asked not only why the profession is chosen: the applicant may ask about the most attractive aspects of his or her professional activities, the prestige of the profession, its social significance)

- Future plans of the applicant (professional activities)

- Participation in public works, and qualities of business

- A range of interests (including in the chosen profession)

Major achievements in studies and other fields of activity (participation in Olympics, competitions, etc.)

1. Concept of society; typology of societies

2. Public progress and its criteria

3. Social structure of society: Strategizing modern society of social mobility

4. Global challenges of the contemporary world

5. Etnos and the development of ethnic communities; inter-ethnic relations

6. World religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhists

7. The State, its characteristics and functions

8. Forms of State

9. Civil society and the rule of law

10. Electoral systems

11. Basic principles of international law

12. International human rights instruments

13. Constitution of the Republic of Armenia; General description

14. Causes of the break-up of the USSR and its geopolitical consequences

15. Conflicts in the South Caucasus (Second Karabach War 2020; War 08.08.08. South Ossetia)

16. Home war of the people of Abkhazia 1992-1993 Gg.

17. International Geneva discussions on security and stability in the Caucasus

18. UN International Organizations, NATO, OSCE, EU

19. North Atlantic Treaty of 1949: Causes, results and challenges of NATO enlargement.

20. Role of the United Nations in the modern system of international relations

21. Russian policy in the post-Council area: political and economic associations: CIS, EEC, SCO, CSTO; performance and prospects

22. Relations between Russia and the European Union 2000-2023

23. The U.S. role in contemporary world politics

24. The Gaza Strip in the modern MOI system

Issues in domestic history

25. Ancient Abkhaz tribes: Apsils, Abasgi, Sanigi, Misimians

26. Abkhazian Kingdom: preconditions, conditions of education; boundaries and ethnic composition; foreign policy in VIII-X and XI-XIII V.

27. Abkhazia during the Russian-Caucasian War 1817-1864 Gg.

28. Mahajirism: causes, phases, consequences

29. The stages of the development of Abkhaz statehood in XX 1917-1921Mm-hmm. 1921-1931 Gg.

30. The phases of the Abkhaz people's national liberation movement in the second half of XX B.

31. Eminent figures of Abkhaz science, culture and art

32. Abkhazia at the current stage; political system, economy, international relations and priorities for policy

Recommended literature:

1. Public knowledge / edited by Y.Y. Petrunina.

2. Swaneva M.M. Political settlement of conflicts: approaches, solutions, technologies. M., 1999

3. Dear V.I., Kravchenko A.I. Sociology: short course.

4. Web-based policy inputs

5. History of Abkhazia: Bookbook: Bgajba O.H., Lakob S.Z. Sukhumi, 2007, 2016

6. Telegrams of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia

7. Telegrams of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

English Language Programme (for international relations applicants)

Requirements for ownership of material.

Lexic material. Active possession approximately 1200-1500 Lexic units. Word education. Simulation of nouns, adjectives, numerals, speeches and verbs using the main language-based aphthixes. (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles) (Chuckles)

Grammatical material.

Morphology

Article, an indeterminate, defined, zero article, the use of article with different groups of nouns.

Noun name: classification of noun names, unique and multiple names of nouns, special cases of the formation of multiple nouns, fall of noun names: common and tedious.

Name of adjective: Place of adjectives in the sentence: Styles of adjectives. Some features of the use of adjectives in relative and excellent degrees of comparison. Use of adjectives with verbs.

Numerical, numerical and serial numerals, dates, simple and decimals, interest, phone numbers.

Location: Personal pronouns (both applicable and object bottoms), absolute form of gravitational pronouns, indication pronouns, return pronouns, question pronouns, indeterminate pronouns, negative pronouns from some, any, no, eveny, location one, quantitative pronouns.

Глагол. Система глагольных времен по группам Indefinite/Simple, Continuous/Progressive, Perfect, Active Voice.

Употребление в страдательном залоге в следующих видовременных формах – Present, Past, Future Indefinite Passive; Present, Past Continuous Passive; Present, Past Perfect Passive. Употребление в так называемом предложном пассиве (the Prepositional Passive).

Use in a grand inclination in positive and negative forms.

Use of the modular verbs can, May, must, sound, oight to, be to, have to, be to, needn in different meanings and forms, including perfective infection

Use of phrasing verbs.

The use of non-personal forms is infective, herundy, first and second communion, including choice of herundy or infective after certain verbs (stop doing/stop to do).

The use in the design of the "complex supplement" after the verbs hear, see, note, Watch, foel; after the verbs want, projection, believe, know, advise, consider, order, tell, allow, like, find, hate, etc.; after the verbs make and let in active and passive bails.

Convergence, formation of speeches, level of comparison of words, location of the words in the sentence.

A pretext, the most used pretexts.

Union, union roles in the proposal, alliances in complex and complex proposals, alliances...nor, either...or,both...and.

Syntaxy.

A simple proposal, an undistributed and circulated proposal.

Main members of the proposal: Methods of expression of the subject: Types of words (glagular, simple, composite verb and specific) Secondary members of the proposal: Order of words in yes, question and negative proposals; Proposals with the construction of areis/are; Unwritten proposals.

Complicated and complex proposal, most user-friendly types of adjectives.

Model ticket in English for International Relations

1. Written Test.

2. Read and retell an unfamiliar text (based on current political events).

3. Oral presentation on a specified topic.

A model of a written test (1st question of the examination card)

I Choose the correct answer.

1. Do you know where Jane is?

a) I’m sorry not to. b) I regret, but no. c) Pardon, I don’t know. d) I’m afraid I don’t.

2. It is sometimes impossible____in these times.

a) for remaining b) to remain optimistic

c) remaining optimistic d) for a person remain optimistic

3. I advertised several times for someone to mow the lawn for me, but ____ the end I had to do it myself.

a) in b) by c) at d) to

4. We have arranged special insurance for medical____ in the event of an accident.

a) prices b) expenses c) accounts d) money

5. They have____ the old castle and it is now a luxury hotel.

a) transformed b) undone c) remade d) constructed

6. I can____with most things but I cannot stand noisy children.

a) put aside b) put on c) put up d) put off

7. We very much____that you will come to dinner next Friday.

a) wish b) want c) like d) hope

8. This ticket____one person to the museum.

a) permits b) admits c) enters d) allows

9. I heard that the____ at the end of the match was 2-0.

a) account b) total c) score d) number

10. If you wear that red hat, I’ll be able to____ you in the crowd.

a) pick b) spot c) discover d) realize

II. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct form:

1. It’s a great pity you____(not come) to Brighten with us last Saturday. As you never____(see) the sea before, it____(be) a new experience for you.

2. I suggest ____(telephone) the hospital before____(ask) the police____(look) for him.

3. By the time he leaves school his parents____(spend) $25,000 on his education.

4. You hardly____(believe) it, but that____(be) the third time tonight someone____(telephone) me.

5. I____(wait) for the prices of the houses____(come ) down before____(buy) a house, but I think I ____(wait) too long and the prices____(begin) to go up again.

6. People used____(make) fire by____(rub) two sticks together.

7. We had hoped to see several famous paintings, but the gallery____(reorganize) at the time of our visit and most of the really valuable works____(move) for safe keeping.

8. What a dreadful person! Can you imagine____(work) with him?

9. –“Mr. Smith____(not work) here for four years. ____(be) you sure you____(get) the right name?”

10. Can you come to the police station? The man who____ (suspect) of stealing your wallet____ (arrest) and ____ (question) at the moment.

List of oral topics proposed as the basis for the examination (3rd question of the examination card)

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Geography and Economy, Politics, Cities, Press

UK Political System

London and Other Cities of Great Britain

Press in the United Kingdom

Educational System and Famous Universities

Celebrations in the UK

2. The United States of America: Geography and Economy, Politics, Cities, Press

US Political System

Washington, D.C. and Other Cities in the USA

Press in the USA

American Holidays

Educational System and Famous Universities

3. Russia: Geography and Economy, Politics, Cities and Press

State System of the Russian Federation

Moscow and Other Cities of Russia

Press in Russia

Educational System

Holidays in Russia

4. The Republic of Abkhazia: Geography and Economy, Politics, Press

The Political System

Abkhazian State Symbolics (description of the state flag and emblem)

Press in Abkhazia

My native town

Educational System

Holidays in Abkhazia

5. Sports

The Olympic Games

6. The Outstanding politicians of the world

7. Problems of the Modern World

Environmental Protection and Pollution

Conflicts of the world

8. I and the World I Live in

About myself: family, friends, school, hobbies, preferences in life

I and My Plans for the Future