Faculty of Agriculture

Biology programme

1. Plants

1.1 General knowledge of flower plants The flower plant and its organs: root and escape. The construction of escape: stem, leaves, kidneys. The flower is a modified escape. The fruit and seeds are suitable for its distribution in nature. Life forms of plants: trees, shrubs, herbal plants. One-year-olds, two-year-olds, years-old plants.

1.2 Plant cell structure The cell and its structure: shell, cytoplasm, core, plastic, vacuoli, organic and inorganic substances of plant cells. Cell activity: cytoplasm movement, cell flow, growth and division.

1.3 The root. The root. Kinds of roots. Types of root systems. The external and internal structure of the root. Crown Zones. The root's growing. Basic functions of the root: Sequestration of water and mineral substances, enhancement of plant in soil. The respiration of the root. Soil, its meaning to plant life. Soil protection. Fertilizers. Value of soil treatment, fertilizer application. Visibility of roots, human use of roots.

1.4. Escape. The escape structure and its basic functions. Kidney is the initial escape, its structure. The development of a kidney escape. A leaf. The external structure of the leaf. The leaves are simple and complex. Ignorance. Lestination. Features of the microscopic structure of the sheet in relation to its functions: Hidden tissue (skin, stomach), the main, producing and mechanical tissue of the sheet. Photosynthesis. Breathing. Water evaporating with leaves. Visible changes in leaves. Leaffall. The need to protect air from pollution. Greening of settlements and premises. The stem. The stem is growing in length, the branch. Formation of the crown. The internal structure of the tree stem in relation to its functions The stem is growing in thickness. Formation of annual rings. Movement of mineral and organic substances through the stem Deposition of spare substances. Altered escapes: The root, tuber, bulb, structure, biological and economic value.

1.5 Plant reproduction PReproduction and its significance. Reproduction techniques. Vegetative reproduction. Plant reproduction through vegetative organs in nature and plant production (modified by runaways, curls, withdrawals, bushing, vaccination). Biological and economic significance of vegetative reproduction. Plant reproduction with seeds.

The flower is a modified escape. The value of the flower in the reproduction of plants. The construction of the flower, the stubble, the pestics. The colours and their biological value.

Insect pollination, wind. Self-deprecation. In vitro. Production of seeds and fruits. The importance of fruits and seeds in nature and human life. The harm caused by nature to the mass harvesting of wild plants. Protection of flower plants. Seed construction (example of bi- and single-dike plants), their chemical composition. Conditions for seed growth. Respiration of seeds. Nutrition and growth of the progeny. Agrotechnics for seed planting and plant cultivation.

1.6 Plants and the environment. Plant is a whole organism. Cell, tissue and organ relationships. Main life processes of the plant. It's a growing community. Environmental factors of non-living and wildlife and factors related to human activities. The relationship between plants and non-living and wildlife factors is illustrated by forest, meadow, etc. The ability of plants to live together in the forest, in the meadow, etc. The role of plants in nature and human life. The impact of human activity on the life of forest plants, meadows. Plant protection, habitat protection, nature protection laws.

 1.7 Plant divisions Algae. Construction and operation of single-cell and multicell algae. Algae reproduction. Nice algae. Seaweed. The role of algae in nature and the people's economy, and their protection. Mhi. Construction and reproduction (example of local species). Formation of peat, its meaning. The ferns. Construction and reproduction, role in nature and human life. It's rotten. Floats. The formation of hard coal. Voted. Construction and reproduction (example of pine, food, or other coniferous). The spread of conifers, their importance in nature, the people's economy. Coated (colored) (colored). The features of the structure and life of the coated plants as the most highly organized group of plants, and their dominance on Earth.

1.8 Coated plants. A variety of flower plants. It's a double-edged plant class. Families: Crusades (caucasian), roses, beans, pastes, complex colours (astros), malts, marinas, grapes. Same-Dolly Plants Class. Families: Lily, grains. The distinctive characteristics of the plants of the listed families, their biological characteristics, and their economic significance. The effect of human activity on the species diversity of flower plants. Protection of rare species of flower plants.

1.9 Agricultural plants Origin of cultural plants: The concept of a variety: scientific achievements in the production of new varieties of plants: essential agricultural plants (grain, fruit and berries, vegetable, oily, technical, etc.) and the biological basis for their cultivation.

1.10 Plant world development. The diversity of plants and their origins. Evidence of historical plant development: fossil residues. Main stages in plant development: The emergence of single-cell and multi-cell algae; The emergence of photosynthesis; Production of plants on land (psilophiles, moss, ferns, vocals, coated seed). The complexity of plants in historical development. The rule of the coated now, their diversity and their spread on the globe. The impact of human economic activity on the vegetation world. Plant protection.

 2Bacteria. Mushrooms.

2.1 Bacteria Bacterium construction and activity: bacterium reproduction: the spread of bacteria in air, soil, water, living organisms, the role of bacteria in nature, industry, medicine, agriculture, pathogenic bacteria and their control.

2.2. Mushrooms.- Mushroom characteristics. - Mm-hmm. - Mm-hmm. - Mm-hmm. - Mm-hmm. Hat mushrooms, their structure, their food. Edible and poisonous mushrooms. Prevention of poisoning by poisonous mushrooms. Mushroom collection rules and their protection. Mushroom symbiosis with plants. Mushrooms. Penicill, his use for antibiotics. The yeast. Parasite mushrooms causing plant diseases. The role of mushrooms in nature and agriculture.

Lichen building, symbiosis, nutrition, reproduction, the role of lichens in nature and the farm.

3. Living

3.1 General information on the animal world Variety, animals, animal signs, the main differences between animals and plants, the characteristics of their likeness, the environments of life and the diversity of animals, the patterns of animals.

3.2 Single-celled animals Construction and lifestyle of single-cell animals. It's just an amoeba. Cell structure. Habitat. Movement. Nutrition. Breathing. Selection. Reproduction. Education of the cyst. A variety of single-cell animals. Green euglene, food features. Infuzoria is a shoe. Annoying. It's a malaria parasite. Marines are the simplest (foraminifers, radials). The meaning of the simplest in nature, of human life. The general characterization of the simplest.

3.3. Type of Bedlands General characteristics and way of life of the intestine. Freshwater. Habitat. The outer structure. The beam symmetry of the two layers. The features of the multicellular cell structure. Carpets, bowels, nerve cells. Nervous system. Nutrition. Regeneration. Reproduction. A variety of intestinal stripes (coral polyps and jellyfish), their meaning.

3.4 Types of Flat, Round, Ringworms. Like Flat worms. General characterization and diversity of the type. The bee-sucker. Bilateral symmetry. Features of structures and life processes due to parasitic lifestyles; harm caused by livestock production, control measures. Variety of species (big chain, echinococcus, white planaria). Like round worms. General characterization and diversity of the type. A human ascarida is a human parasite. Prevention measures against contamination. Like ringworms. General characterization and diversity of the type. Rainworm, its habitat, external structure, movement. Tissues, organs, organ systems. Life processes. Regeneration. Reproduction. The role of rainworms in soil formation.

3.5. Type of Molluski The general characterization and way of life of the clams, the toothless, the habitat, the characteristics of the outer structure, the diet, the breathing, the reproduction, the variety of the clams (the large pond, the grape snail, the slug, the oyster, the media), the meaning of the clams in nature, the life of man. 

3.6. Type of Occupying. Racquetic class. The habitat of crustaceans. Features of structure, activity, reproduction, variety of crustaceans. General characteristic of the class. Spider class. Features of external structure, food, breathing, spider behavior in relation to life on land. Brushes. The outer structure. Pests and control measures for cultural plants. Parasitic mites are agents and vectors of dangerous diseases. The measures are protected from mites. General characteristic of the class. Insect class. The features of the structure, the processes of the insects, the example of the bug. Reproduction. Types of insect development. Main insect squads. The scales. The features of the environment in the outer building; Butterfly reproduction and development. It's a thick silkwork. Two-wing. The room fly is a vector of the agents and control of dangerous human diseases. Spoiled wings. The honeybee. The composition and life of the bee family: Bees dance, winter dance. Instincts are the basis for insect behavior. Beekeeping. General characteristic of the class. Variety of insects (colord beetles, ants, riders), their role in nature; Practical and aesthetic significance. Biological control of crop pests and its role in the conservation of crops. Insect protection. General characteristic of the type. 

3.7. Type of Horde Lancetite, habitat, features of the lunar building as a low chord.

Klass Ryby Fish habitat. The features of the outer structure, the skeleton, and the muscles. Body cavity. Specific features of the construction of the systems of internal organs in relation to their functions. Exchange of substances. Nervous system and sense organs. Reflexes. Conduct. Reproduction, non-restructuring and development. Taking care of the offspring. Capability of fish to habitat. Migration. A variety of fish (crews: It's herring, cysteteric. General characteristic of the class. The economic value of fish. Artificial fish breeding, ponding. Fish protection.

Klass Zemnovodnye Frog, building features, habitat-related movements, nervous system and sensory organs, reproduction and development, a variety of amphibians (splits: tailless), their origin, meaning and protection, a general characteristic of the class.

Class Reptile IEnvironment, building features, reproduction, behaviour related to life on land. Regeneration. Diversity of modern reptiles (slots: scales, turtles, crocodiles), practical meaning and protection. Origin of reptiles. Ancient reptiles: dinosaurs, animal lizards. General characteristic of the class.

Klass Ptitsy Outside structure, skeleton, muscle. The characteristics of the internal structure, the exchange of bird matter associated with the flight. Complication of the nervous system, sense organs; Bird behavior. Reproduction and development of birds. Taking care of the offspring. The ability of birds to adapt to seasonal events in nature (dignity, nomads, flights). The origin of the birds. General characteristic of the class. Birds of parks, gardens, meadows, fields, forests, marshes, coasts, water bodies, steppes, deserts, predatory birds. The role of birds in nature and human life, the bird protection system. Bird farming. The origin of the birds, their breeds.

Klass Mlekopitayushchie Features of external structure, skeleton, muscle, interior structure, mammalian metabolism. Complication of nervous system, sensory organs, behavior. Reproduction and development, care for the offspring. General characteristic of the class. Origin of mammals. I'm gonna need you to take care of me. Bagged. Platinum squads. Insect venom and hand-wings. The rodents. Bunny. Predatory. Lastonogies and cetaceans. The hooves. Primates. The role of mammals in nature and human life, their protection. Agricultural animals of the mammalian class. Big cattle, sheep, pigs, horses. Origin of pets. Maintenance, feeding and breeding.

4. Evolution of the animal world

Evidence of the historical development of the animal world: Comparative anatomy, embryos, paleontology. C. Darwin on the causes of the evolution of the animal world (inheritance, variability, natural selection). Origin of a single cell. Origin of multicellulars. The complexity of the structure and life processes of vertebrate animals in the historical development of the animal world. (The birth of a human being with animals). Unfavourable views about the stability of the animal world.

5. Natural communities

The habitat of organisms. Main environmental factors and their impact on plants and animals. Natural communities (e.g. forest, meadow, water). The role of plants, animals, mushrooms and bacteria in the natural community. Interrelationships in the natural community. Feed chains. The importance of natural communities in human life. The impact of human activities on natural communities, their protection.

 6. The human being and his health

Introduction. General overview of the human body: The importance of knowledge of the human body's structure, functioning and hygiene for the protection of its health. Man and the environment. Organs and systems of organs. Cell structure (cytoplasma, kernel, ribosomes, mitochondrium, membrane). The main life processes of the cell (food, breathing, separation). Brief details of the structure and functions of the main tissues Reflexes. Nervous and humming regulation of body activity. Organism is a whole.

6.1. Engine support system The value of the propulsion system. The human skeleton, the resemblance of human and animal skeletons. The characteristics of the human skeleton are related to work and directness Types of bone connection. The composition, structure and properties of the bones, the growth of the bones. First aid for contusions, ligaments, sprains, fractures. Muscles, their functions. Main muscles of the human body. The work of the muscles. Static and dynamic loads. The effect of the rhythm and the load on the work of the muscles.

6.2 Blood and circulation The body's internal environment (blood, intercellular fluid, lymph) and its relative persistence. The meaning of blood and blood circulation. Blood composition. Blood plasma. BLOCKING BLOOD AS A PROTECT RESPONSE OF THE AGENCY. Construction and functions of erythrocytes and white cells. Communicable diseases and their control. Warning shots. Immunity. The role of I.I. Swordsman in the creation of the immunity doctrine. Blood transfusion. Donorship. Hemorrhaging organs: Heart and vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins). The heart, its structure and its work. Large and small circulatory circles, lymph circulation. The blood flow in the vasculars. Blood pressure. Nervous and humorous regulation of heart and vessel activity. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases. First aid for bleeding. The harmful effects of smoking and alcohol on the heart and the vessels.

6.3. Breathing Respiration value. The structure and function of the respiratory organs. Voice machine. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Breathing movements. A living pulmonary vessel. Nervous and humming respiratory regulation. Artificial breathing. Communicable diseases transmitted through air, prevention of air-campus infections, hygiene during illness. Respiratory hygiene. The harmful effects of smoking on respiratory organs. Protection of the air environment.

6.4 Nutrition The meaning of digestion. Nutrients and food products. Construction and function of digestive organs. Teeth, dental disease prevention. Food enzymes and their significance. The role of the E.P. Pavlova is studying the function of digestive organs. Nutrition. Liver and pancreas, their role in digestion. Inspiration. Regulating digestion processes, Hygienic digestion conditions. Prevention of worm and gastrointestinal diseases, food poisoning, first prenatal care. The effect of smoking and alcohol on digestion.

6.5 Exchange of substances and energy: Selection. General characteristic of the exchange of substances and energy. Plastic exchange, energy exchange and their interrelationship. Meaning for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, water and mineral salts. Effects of alcohol and toxic substances, drugs on Vitamin's metabolism. Their role in the exchange of substances. Main hypovitaminoses. Hypervitaminosis. How to keep vitamins in food. Food standards. Good nutrition. School feeding regime. Meaning of the release of the final metabolism products from the body. The organs of the urea system, their functions, the prevention of diseases. The structure and functions of the skin. The role of skin in heat management. Injection of the body. Skin hygiene requirements for clothing and shoes. Prevention and first aid in heat and solar shocks, burns and frostbite, electric shocks.

6.6. Irons of internal secretion. The importance of internal glands for growth, development and regulation of body functions, hormones, internal gland activity, the role of sexual glands in the development of the body, sexual maturation, and the hygiene of young people.

6.7. Nervous system: Sensitivity bodies Higher nervous activity The importance of the nervous system in the regulation and consistency of human functions and the interaction of the body with the environment. Central and peripheral nervous system. The structure and functions of the spinal cord and the brain divisions. The role of the vegetative nervous system in regulating the work of internal organs. Cora's a big hemisphere. Sensitivity organs, their meaning. Analyzers. Construction, functions, hygiene. The role of I.M. Sechenova and I.P. Pavlova in creating the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Unconditional and conditional reflexes. Biological value of formation and braking of conditional reflexes. Features of a man's higher nervous activity. Speaking and thinking. Consciousness is a function of the brain. Social conditionality of human behaviour. Sleep, its meaning and hygiene. Change of working capacity in the labour process. Mental health. School day mode. The harmful effects of polyethylene, alcohol, and drugs on the nervous system.

6.8 Reproduction and development The system of reproductive organs, insemination and foetal development, the birth of a child, the growth and development of a child, the hygiene of infants, the harmful effects of alcohol, nitrin and other factors on offspring, the characteristics of adolescence. 

7. General biology 

The study of general, biological patterns is the task of the final part of the biology course: levels of wildlife organization: cell, organism, species, bio-censorship, biosphere, the importance of biological science for agriculture, industry, medicine, hygiene, nature conservation.

7.1 Evolutionary teaching. The basic provisions of the evolutionary theory of C. Darwina. The significance of evolution theory for the development of natural knowledge. The criteria of the species. The population is a unit of species and evolution. The concept of plant and animal species. The driving forces of evolution: inheritance, variability, struggle for existence, natural selection. The leading role of natural selection in evolution. Artificial selection and genetic variability are the basis for the production of species of domestic animals and varieties of cultural plants There's a device coming up. The relative nature of the fitment Microevolution. Visual education. Results of evolution: Weakness of organisms, diversity of species.

7.2 Organic world development Evidence of the evolution of the organic world. Main directions of evolution. Aromorphosis, idioadaptation. Relationships between different directions of evolution. Biological progress and regression. A brief history of the development of the organic world. The major aromorphoses in the evolution of the organic world. Main trends in the evolution of coated, insects, birds and mammals into the Kainosa era. 

7.3 Origin of a human being. C. Darwin about the origin of a human being from animals. Anthropogenesis drivers: Social and biological factors. The leading role of the laws of public life in the social progress of mankind. Ancients, ancients, and fossils of the modern type. Human races, their origins and unity. The anti-science, reactionary essence of social Darwinism and racism. 

7.4 Basics of the environment The object and purpose of the environment. Environmental factors: abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic, their complex effects on the body. Photoperiodism. Life's environment. Environmental niche. The species, its ecological characteristic. Population distribution, changes in size, methods of population management; Management of species, conservation of their diversity. Biogeoassessment. The diversity of populations in biogeocenosis and their relationships. Feed chains.

7.5 Basic Biosphere Exercises Biosphere, V.I. Vernadsky, on the emergence of the biosphere, on the limits of the biosphere, on the biomass of the surface of land, the oceans and the sea, on the soil, on the living substance and its functions, on the cycle of substances and on the transformation of energy into the biosphere, on the noosphere.

7.6 Basic cytology 

The cell is a structural and functional unit of the living. The basics of cell theory. Cell structure and functions: The kernels, the envelopes, the cytoplasms. Cell organoids: Endoplasmatic network, Golji machine, lisosome, ribosomes, mitochondria, plastic. The characteristics of the prokariot cell structure, eucariot. The chemical elements in the cell. Water and other inorganic substances, their role in cell activity. Organic substances: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATF, biopolymers, their role in the cell. Ferments, their role in regulating life processes. D.N.A. (replication) double. The exchange of substances and the transformation of energy are the basis of the life of the cell. The energy exchange in the cage and its nature. The value of ATF in the energy exchange. Plastic exchange. Hemosynthesis. Photosynthesis. Protein biosynthesis. The role of DNA in matrix fusion reactions. Genetic code. Transcrypting. It's a broadcast. Relationship between the plastic and energy exchange processes Viruses, features of their structures and lives, AIDS virus. AIDS prevention. 

7.7 Reproduction and individual development of organisms Cell separation is the basis for the reproduction and individual development of organisms. The concept of a cell's life cycle. Mithoz. Mitose phases. Chromosomes, their haploid and diploid set, the continuity of numbers and shapes. Biological significance of mitosis. Mayoz. The phase of the meioza. Crossingover. Biological significance of meiose. Sexual and non-sexual reproduction of organisms. Sex cells. Gametogenesis: Hypermatogenesis and oogenesis. In vitro. Development of embryos (e.g. animals). Post-embryonic development. The harmful effects of alcohol and polyethylene on human development. The emergence of life on Earth.

7.8 Basic genetics GNetetics is a science of genetics and variability in organisms. Main genetic methods. The laws of inheritance established by G. Mendlem, monohybrid and hybrid cross-sections. The interactions of alleal genes: Total dominance, incomplete dominance, coding, superdomination. Conditions necessary for the expression of the law of fragmentation. Statistical nature of fragmentation phenomena. The interactions of non-allel genes. Gender genetics. Sexy chromosomes. It's a gender-based inheritance. Chromosomal heirloom theory. Coherent gene inheritance. Interference. Cross the chromosomes. The importance of genetics for medicine and health care. The harmful effects of polyethylene, alcohol, and drugs on a person's inheritance. The role of the genotype and ambient conditions in the formation of the phenotype. Modifying variability. Reaction rate. Statistical patterns of modificational variability. Mutations. Classification of mutations. Polypliodia. Mutagenic factors of the environment. Experimental mutations. Mutations as material for artificial and natural selection. The law of homologic series in the genetic variability of N.I. Babylon. Population genetics. Genetics and evolution theory. Biotechnology and gene manipulation. Genetic security. N.I. Vavilov on the origin of cultural plants. Main methods of selection: Hybridization and artificial selection. The role of natural selection in selection. Plant selection. Self-spraying of cross-polluted plants. Geterosis. Polyplodide and remote hybridization. Plant selection achievements. Animal selection. Types of cross-section and methods of breeding. A method of analysing the family values of animal producers. The remote hybridization of pets. Biotechnology and its main directions: Microbiological synthesis, genetic engineering and cellular engineering. The importance of biotechnology for selection.

A model for a ticket in biology 

1. The root, the structure, the functions, the types of roots, the types of root systems, the visual alteration of roots. 

2. Type of Bedlands, freshwater, features of building and life processes, role in nature.

3. Humorous regulation of the body's activities: Irons of internal secretion, hypo and hyperfunction of the glands

 4. Laws of succession of features in hybrid cross-sections.

Recommended literature on biology 

1.     Silver T., Gulenkokova M., Schorina N. Biology: Plants / Textbook for the 6th to 7th grades of secondary school. - M., (various years of publication).

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